Method for coloring fruits and vegetables

ABSTRACT

The color of fruits and vegetables is enhanced by applying thereto a compound which has the ability to cause the accumulation of lycopene in the tissues of the treated produce. Examples of compounds used in accordance with the invention are: 4-( Beta -(DIETHYLAMINO)-ETHOXY)-BENZALDEHYDE 4-( Beta -(DIETHYLAMINO)-ETHOXY)-BENZENE N,N-diethyl-ethanolamine Beta -(DIETHYLAMINO)ETHYL ANISOLATE N,N-diethyl-phenylpropylamine.

;'United States Patent Yokoyama et al.

[4 1 Oct. 7, 1975 METHOD FOR COLORING FRUITS AND VEGETABLES Inventors: Henry Yokoyama; Wan-Jean l-lsu,

both of Pasadena; Stephen M. Poling, Seal Beach, all of Calif.

The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.

Filed: Oct. 9, 1974 Appl. No.: 513,431

7 Related U.S. Application Data Division of Ser. No. 404,980, Oct. 10, 1973, Pat. No.

Assignee:

U.S. Cl. 426/268; 426/177; 426/270; 426/308; 426/377; 426/379 Int. Cl. A23L l/272 Field of Search 426/102, 177, 206, 250,

426/252, 262, 268, 269, 270, 308, 311, 377, 379; 71/98, 108,111, 121; 117/3; 260/468 R, 468 K, 468 L, 472, 573,576, 583 BB, 583 R, 583 .1, 584 R, 584 C, 584 A, 590, 592, 600, 609 R [56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,227,756 1/1966 Richter et al. 71/121 3,684,530 8/1972 Yokoyama 426/268 3,833,350 9/1974 Cooke et al. 426/268 Primary Examiner-Norman Yudkoff Assistant ExaminerCurtis P. Ribando Attorney, Agent, or FirmM. Howard Silverstein; William Takacs ['57] ABSTRACT The color of fruits and vegetables is enhanced by applying thereto a compound which has the ability to cause the accumulation of lycopene in the tissues of the treated produce. Examples of compounds used in accordancewith the invention are:

METHOD FOR COLORING FRUITS AND VEGETABLES This is a division of our copending application, Ser. No. 404,980, filed Oct. l0, 1973, now US. Pat. No. 3,684,501.

DEFINITIONS Various symbols used in this document are defined as follows:

The abbreviations Et and Me" refer to ethyl and methyl, respectively.

Lower alkyl means an alkyl radical containing l to 4 carbon atoms. Similarly, lower alkoxy means an alkoxy radical having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.

The symbol Ph designates the phenyl radical. The phenylene radical (--C H is depicted by the symbol d) Where particular positions of substituents ,are involved, this is designated by appropriate numbers. Thus indicates that the substituents are at the 1,4 positions, i.e.,- para to one another.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to and has among its objects the provision of novel processes for coloring fruits and vegetables.

Further objects of the invention will be evident from the following description wherein parts and percentages are by weight unless otherwise specified.

In the following description, the application of the invention to citrus fruits is stressed. It is to be understood that this particular embodiment of the invention is provided by way of illustration and not limitation. In its broad ambit, the invention is applicable to all kinds of fruits and vegetables which contain carotenogenic tissues, that is, tissues whichproduce carotenoid pigments. Illustrative examples of such fruits and vegetables are apricots, peaches, cherries, nectarines, tomatoes, bell peppers, chili peppers, carrots, sweet potatoes, etc., as well as oranges, lemons, tangerines, grapefruit, and other citrus fruits.

It is well-known that one factor which influences the market value of fruits and vegetables is the color thereof. It often happens that when fruits and vegetables are received at the packing house, their color is deficient even though they are entirely ripe and in excellent condition. This is particularly true with citrus fruits in which case, owing to vagaries in the weather, position of the fruit on the tree, etc., the harvested fruit is often pale or non-uniform in color despite the fact that it is physiologically mature.

A principal object of the invention is to obviate the problem outlined above. The invention provides the means whereby the color of harvested fruits and vegetables can be improved, for example, oranges or tangerines which are yellow or greenish can be provided with a rich orange color.

Basically, the objects of the invention are attained by :applying to the whole harvested fruit or vegetables any of thecomponents described below.

Group 1. Compounds of the structure wherein:

Alk is lower alkyl, preferably methyl or ethyl.

n is an integer from 2 to 4.

R is a member of the group consisting of H, lower alkyl, phenyl, CH CH-Ph, and -CH --CH- Ph.

Group II. Compounds of the structure wherein:

Alk is lower alkyl, preferably methyl or ethyl. n is an integer from 2 to 4. Group III. Compounds of the structure wherein:

Alk is lower alkyl, preferably methyl or ethyl. n is an integer from 2 to 4. R is a member of the group consisting of H, OH,

lower alkyl, and lower alkoxy. Group IV. Compounds of the structure wherein:

Alk is lower alkyl, preferably methyl or ethyl. n is an integer from 2 to 4. Group V. Compounds of the structure wherein:

Alk is lower alkyl, preferably methyl or ethyl. n is an integer from 2 to 4. R is a member of the group consisting of H, OH,

lower alkyl, and lower alkoxy. Group VI. Compounds of the structure wherein:

Alk is lower alkyl, preferably methyl or ethyl. m is an integer from 1 to 5. R is a member of the group consisting of H, -OH,

lower alkyl, and lower alkoxy. Group VII. Compounds of the structure wherein:

Alk is lower alkyl, preferably methyl or ethyl. x is an integer from 3 to 7. Group VIII. Compounds of the structure genie tissue. Lycopene is the natural red coloring principle of the tomato, and its accumulation in the tissue causes an intensification of the color of the treated fruit or vegetable. Depending on the amount of lycopene formed, the treated produce will assume an orange or even a red color.

Contributing to the color enhancement obtained in the process of the invention is that the applied compounds also increase the production (in the treated tissue) of provitamins A, including 01-, 13-, and especially -y-carotene.

Since the compounds of the invention are effective in very small amounts, they are most conveniently applied in conjunction with an inert carrier such as water, ethanol, isopropanol, or wax. A typical plan for carrying out the treatment of the invention is to dip the fruit or vegetable in an aqueous or isopropanol solution containing a small proportionfor example, about O.l to %-of any of the compounds described above. It is, of course, not essential to apply the solution by dipping; it can be applied by spraying, flooding, or the like.

Since many fruits and vegetables have a natural waxy outer coating which is water-repellent, it is preferred that the treating solution contain a wetting agent so that the solution can uniformly coat the entire surface of the fruit or vegetable. For this purpose one may use any conventional surfactant such as soaps, sodium alkyl (C -C sulphates, sodium alkane (C C sulphonates, sodium alkyl (C -C benzene sulphonates, esters of sulphosuccinic acid such as sodium dioctylsulphosuccinate, etc. Wetting and dispersing agents of the non-ionic type are suitable, for example, the reaction products of ethylene or propylene oxide with fatty acids, with polyhydric alcohols, with partial esters of fatty acids and polyhydric alcohols, or with alkyl phenols, etc. Typical of such agents are a polyoxyethylene stearate containing about 20 oxyethylene groups per mole, a polyoxyethylene ether of sorbitan monolaurate containing about 16 oxyethylene groups per mole, a distearate of polyoxyethylene ether of sorbitol containing about 40 oxyethylene groups per mole, isooctylphenyl ether of polyethylene glycol, etc. Generally, only a small proportion of surfactant is usedon the order of 0.05 to 0.5%, based on the weight of solution. In addition to, or in place of the surfactant, a supplementary solvent may be added to the primary solvent (water) in quantity sufficient to disperse the active agent. For such purpose one may use ethanol, isopropanel, or other inert volatile solvent, particularly one which is at least partly miscible with water. It is evident that the solutions need not necessarily be true solutions; they may be colloidal solutions, emulsions, or suspensions, all of these being considered as solutions for the purposes of the invention.

It may be observed that some of the compounds of the invention-those with long alkyl chainsexhibit emulsifying activity and can be used in aqueous solution without any added wetting agent.

In the event that the compounds of the invention are applied in a wax carrier, one may use for the purpose any wax, including hydrocarbon waxes such as paraffin or microcrystalline petroleum wax; beeswax; camauba wax; spermaceti; etc. The preparation will generally contain about 0.1 to 10% of any of the compounds described above, and may be applied in various ways. One technique is to liquefy the preparation by warming it and then applying it to the fruit or vegetable by dipping or spraying. Another plan is to dissolve the waxcontaining preparaation in an inert volatile solvent such as hexane, octane, stoddard solvent, deodorized kerosene, or other volatile petroleum fraction and apply the resulting solution by spraying or dipping to the produce.

The action of the compounds is not immediate; the development of color requires some time for chemical reactions to take place within the tissue. Accordingly, after the step of applying the compound, the treated produce is held so that the desired coloration will develop. The temperature at which the holding is conducted may varyfor example, from about 15 to about 35 C.and influences the rate of coloration in that color enhancement will take place more rapidly at the higher temperatures, and vice versa. Usually, for convenience it is preferred to conduct the holding at room temperature. Regardless of the temperature used, the treated fruit or vegetable should have access to air during the holding period so that it can respire and remain in a vital condition. The time required for color development in any particular case will vary depending on several factors including the type of fruit or vegetable, the particular compound used and the amount applied, the temperature during the holding period, the degree of color enhancement desired, etc. In many cases, excellent color development is obtained where treated citrus fruits are held for about 12-72 hours at ambient temperature.

When the desired color level has been attained, the fruit or vegetable may be stored at conventional cold storage temperature (about 5lO C.) until it is to be used. At such temperatures the established color is retained, and further color development is retarded. Storage under such conditions can be applied for periods of up to 2 or 3 months without excessive deepening of color or deterioration of the fruit or vegetable.

Since the enhancement of color in accordance with the invention involves the biosynthesis of lycopene within the fruit or vegetable tissue, it is obvious that the product to which the invention is applied be in a fresh condition, i.e., in a physiologically active state so that it is capable of respiring and undergoing normal postharvest metabolic changes.

Where the compounds of the invention are applied to the surface of fruits or vegetables, the coloration enhancement will take place in the peel or rind of the treated product. If deeper color enhancement is desired such as coloration of the flesh together with coloration of the peel, the compounds are applied in such a way that they penetrate through the peel. This can be done by vacuum infiltration. Thus the fruit or vegetable is placed in a vessel with an excess of a solution containing a compound of the invention. The vessel is sealed and a vacuum is applied and then released. This causes the solution to permeate the peel to the flesh within. The treated product is then stored as described to develop the desired coloration.

Hereinabove we have stressed the application of the invention for the purpose of enhancing the color of fruits and vegetables. Another phase of the invention is concerned with the preparation of carotenoid pigments which may be used for coloring food products of all kinds. A special advantage of these carotenoid pigments is that they are natural constituents of fruits and vegetables and thus can be safely used in foods. In practicing this phase of the invention, fruits or vegetables,

or parts thereof are treated with any of the compounds described above and stored to develop sustantial increase in color. The so-formed carotenoid pigments are then isolated from the treated substrate by conventional means such as pressing of extraction with a solvent. In a preferred embodiment of this aspect of the invention, the procedure is applied to the peels of orcontain a small proportion-for example, about 0.05 to 0.l%-of a preservative such as sodium benzoate, so-

dium sorbate, or the lower alkyl esters of parahydroxybenzoic acid. The peels are then allowed to stand at room temperature for several days (usually about a week) until a strong color enhancement is attained. It is of course obvious that since the development of carotenoids is based on biochemical changes, the peel to which the process is applied should be in a fresh condition so that it constitutes a viable living system capable of further carotenoid biosynthesis. Also the peel should be exposed to air during the storage period so that respiration can take place. Following completion of the storage period, the peels are treated as by pressing or extraction to recover the cartenoid pigments therefrom. Preferably the treated peel is extracted with a mixture of equal volumes of isopropanol and acetone. The extract is then treated to evaporate the solvent, leaving the residue the desired product--a mixture of carotenoid pigments which will generally contain lycopene as the principal pigment.

The invention is further demonstrated by ing illustrative example.

The compounds used in this example had the structure the followwherein n was as follows:

Compound A: 1

Compound B: 2

Compound C: 3

Compound D: 4

Compound E: 5

Fruits or vegetables were dipped in or sprayed with 2-5% (w/v) solutions of the compounds in isopropanol, and then stored at about -22 C. for varying periods of time depending on the color desired. The results obtained are analyzed as follows:

Compound A: Marsh seedless grapefruit treated with a 5% solution of Compound A developed a light orange color in l /2 to 2 days, and after 2 weeks a deep orange color appeared. The fruit which has been held until it developed a red color had a lycopene content of 200-250 ,ug/g dry weight of peel.

Compound B: The results obtained were similar to those obtained with Compound A.

Compound C: Marsh seedless grapefruit treated with a 5% solution of Compound C developed a visible color enhancement (light orange color) overnight, and the color slowly changed to a deep orange over a period of 3-4 weeks. Compound C was rated as much more effective than Compounds A or B.

Compounds D and E: The effectiveness of these compounds in inducing color in Marsh seedless grapefruit was rated as follows: Compound D was the better, providing the same degree of color as Compound C. Compound E provided an effect similar to that of Compounds A and B.

Group V15 The'compounds of this group can be synthesized by the following scheme, wherein Alk is lower alkyl, m is an integer from 1 to 5, and R is a member of the group con'sisting'of H, OH, lower alkyl, and lower alkoxy.

The synthesis is typified by the preparation of N,N-diethylphenylethylamine:

Diethyl amine (21.9 g.) and 18.7 g. of Ph-CH- CH Br were placed in a lOO-ml. r'ound bottom flask and refluxed for 4 hours. The reaction mixture was then cooled,'neutralized with 200 ml. of 10% aqueous NaOH. The resulting solution was extracted with ether and the ether extract washed thoroughly with water and dried over anhydrous Na SO Ether was removed on the evaporator, leaving the product as a residue.

Preparation of N,N-diethylphenyl'butylamine: Onetenth mole of 4-phenylbutanoic acid in ether was added to 0.15 mole of lithium aluminum hydride in ether in a 3-necked, round-bottomed flask equipped with a stir rer, a dropping funnel, and a reflux condenser fitted with a calcium chloride tube. Rate of addition was limited to that producing a gentle reflux. After addition, the flask was cooled and cold water was added slowly to decompose excess hydride. The reaction mixture was poured into about 20 ml. of ice water and ml. of 10% sulfuric acid was added slowly. The ether layer was separated, and the aqueous layer was extracted with two portions of ether. The combined ether extracts were dried-over anhydrous sodium sulfate and the ether was removed on a rotary evaporator.

The crude alcohol (4-phenylbutanol) from above was placed in a flask fitted with a stirrer and a dropping funnel. The contents of the flask were cooled to --10 C. and 1.3 equivalents of phosphorus tribromide was added slowly so that the temperature of the contents was held below 0 C. After addition was completed, the contents were allowed to warm to room temperature and were stirred overnight. At this point the mixture was heated at 100 C. for 3 hours, cooled in an icebath, poured into ice-water, and finally extracted several times with ether. The combined ether extracts were washed with water, saturated sodium bicarbonate, and water again, and then dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The ether was stripped off on the evaporator.

The resulting bromide (Ph(CH ).,-Br) was refluxed with diethylamine as described in the previous example. The reaction mixture was neutralized with 10% aqueous NaOH and extracted with ether. The ether extract was washed with water, dried over anhydrous Na SO and the ether stripped off, leaving the desired product as a residue.

Having thus described the invention, what is claimed is:

l. A process for enhancing the coloration of harvested fruits and vegetables which contain carotenogic tissue, which comprises applying to the surface of the fruit or vegetable a compound of the structure 4. The process of claim 1 wherein the stated compound is 5. The process of claim 1 wherein the stated compound is 6. The process of claim 1 wherein the stated compound is 7. The process of claim 1 wherein the stated compound is 

1. A PROCESS FOR ENHANCING THE COLORATION OF HARVESTED FRUITS AND VEGETABLE WHICH CONTAIN AROTENOGIE TISSUE, WHICH COMPRISES APPLYING TO THE SURFACE OF THE FRUIT OR VEGETABLE A COMPOUND OF HE STRUCTURE
 2. The process of claim 1 wherein the fruit or vegetable after application of the aforesaid compound is held at a temperature from about 15* to 35* C.
 3. The process of claim 1 wherein the stated compound is Et2N-CH2-Ph
 4. The process of claim 1 wherein the stated compound is Et2N-(CH2)2-Ph
 5. The process of claim 1 wherein the stated compound is Et2N-(CH2)3-Ph
 6. The process of claim 1 wherein the stated compound is Et2N-(CH2)4-Ph
 7. The process of claim 1 wherein the stated compound is Et2N-(CH2)5-Ph 